LINGEVASpeak. Learn. Evolve.

Home / German passive voice: process, state, tenses and modal constructions

German passive voice: process, state, tenses and modal constructions

German process passive uses werden plus a past participle to present an action from the affected side. State passive uses sein plus a participle to describe a resulting condition. First choose the intended perspective, then tense and modality. The tables and tasks below cover ordinary transformations, subjectless sentences, agents and useful alternatives without assuming every verb can form a passive.

Change the subject without changing the event

Die Technikerin prüft den Anschluss becomes Der Anschluss wird von der Technikerin geprüft. The active accusative object becomes the passive nominative subject. The verb agrees with it: Die Anschlüsse werden geprüft. The agent may be omitted when unknown, obvious or irrelevant; omitting it is a communication choice, not part of the meaning of every passive.

A dative does not become nominative in ordinary werden passive: Die Firma hilft den Kunden → Den Kunden wird geholfen. Keep dative den Kunden; singular wird is used because there is no nominative plural subject. Von commonly names the agent, including an organization. Durch often presents a cause, means or intermediary. This is a perspective distinction, not simply “people versus things”.

Follow an action and its result

  1. Active actor

    Die Technikerin prüft den Anschluss.

    The actor is the subject.

  2. Process passive

    Der Anschluss wird geprüft.

    The connection is the subject; the checking event is central.

  3. State passive

    Der Anschluss ist geprüft.

    The connection is described in a resulting checked state.

Perspective and process/state are separate choices from tense; changing the auxiliary can change the claim.

An action or an existing result?

Die Tür wird geschlossen reports the closing event. Die Tür ist geschlossen describes the closed condition. State passive does not tell you by itself when the action happened or whether the state still holds later. English “is closed” can cover meanings that German distinguishes through context and auxiliary.

Not every sein + Partizip II is state passive. Die Gäste sind angekommen is active Perfekt with sein. Ask whether the subject is presented in a state resulting from an action performed on it. Some participles also behave like adjectives; this reference uses clear result-state examples rather than forcing one analysis on every description.

Build tense around the chosen passive

Tense patterns with a singular subject; long state forms are mainly for recognition
TenseProcess: werden passiveResulting state: sein passive
Präsenswird geprüftist geprüft
Präteritumwurde geprüftwar geprüft
Perfektist geprüft wordenist geprüft gewesen
Plusquamperfektwar geprüft wordenwar geprüft gewesen
Futur Iwird geprüft werdenwird geprüft sein
Futur IIwird geprüft worden seinwird geprüft gewesen sein

Each cell completes Der Anschluss …. For a different subject, conjugate the finite auxiliary accordingly. State Perfekt, Plusquamperfekt and Futur II are possible but cumbersome and uncommon; war geprüft or a time phrase often communicates more naturally. Learn the common present and past forms first.

Process Perfekt uses the special passive auxiliary form worden: Der Anschluss ist geprüft worden. Compare active change Er ist müde geworden. In an ordinary subordinate clause: weil der Anschluss geprüft worden ist. A future time reference need not use Futur I: Morgen wird der Anschluss geprüft is present passive with future context.

Keep the modal verb outside the passive infinitive

Der Anschluss muss geprüft werden expresses necessity; kann geprüft werden expresses possibility. In Präteritum: Der Anschluss musste geprüft werden. In a subordinate clause: weil der Anschluss geprüft werden muss. The ending geprüft werden remains an infinitive passive.

Advanced perfect modal constructions use haben and an Ersatzinfinitiv: Der Anschluss hat geprüft werden müssen. The subordinate order is weil der Anschluss hat geprüft werden müssen: finite hat precedes this infinitive cluster. Do not apply the ordinary “finite verb last” rule mechanically. The shorter musste geprüft werden is often easier to use when the intended past meaning allows it.

Check whether a passive is available

Many action verbs without accusative objects allow a subjectless passive: Es wird heute lange gearbeitet; Heute wird lange gearbeitet. Initial es only fills the first field here and disappears when heute occupies it. It is not a permanent dummy subject. Likewise: Den Gästen wird geholfen.

An accusative-looking complement does not guarantee a useful passive. Possession with haben and resemblance with ähneln do not produce ordinary passives in these meanings. State passive has a further restriction: the verb must support a meaningful result state. Do not turn every process passive into a state passive by replacing werden with sein.

Choose alternatives by meaning

Der Deckel lässt sich öffnen and Der Deckel ist leicht zu öffnen express practical possibility; Der Deckel ist abnehmbar describes a property. Such alternatives are useful only when the vocabulary and meaning fit. Die Rechnung ist bis Freitag zu bezahlen conveys a requirement, closer to muss bezahlt werden. It does not merely mean that payment is possible.

An active sentence with man can be clearer when the human action matters: Man prüft den Anschluss morgen. Keep the original time, negation and modal force when reformulating. A shorter sentence is not equivalent if it turns a requirement into an option.

Check your decisions: eight explained tasks

1. Make passive: Das Team prüft die Geräte.

Die Geräte werden vom Team geprüft. The plural accusative becomes plural nominative, requiring werden. The agent can also be omitted.

2. Make ordinary passive: Die Kollegin hilft dem Besucher.

Dem Besucher wird geholfen. The dative stays dative. This sentence has no nominative subject.

3. The room is already in a cleaned state. Complete: Der Raum __ gereinigt.

Der Raum ist gereinigt. Sein presents the resulting state. Wird gereinigt would present a cleaning event.

4. Complete process Perfekt: Die Geräte sind geprüft __.

worden. This is the special passive form, not active geworden.

5. Begin Es wird heute lange gearbeitet with Heute.

Heute wird lange gearbeitet. Omit the front-field placeholder es; do not add it after the verb.

6. Make the necessity past: Der Anschluss muss geprüft werden.

Der Anschluss musste geprüft werden. The modal verb carries Präteritum; the passive infinitive remains unchanged.

7. Put Der Anschluss hat geprüft werden müssen after weil.

weil der Anschluss hat geprüft werden müssen. In this perfect modal cluster, finite hat comes before the infinitives.

8. Preserve the obligation: rewrite Die Rechnung ist bis Freitag zu bezahlen with müssen.

Die Rechnung muss bis Freitag bezahlt werden. Kann bezahlt werden would weaken the requirement to a possibility.

Give a repair update

Write an eight-sentence update about equipment at a shared learning space. Include a current action, a completed action, an existing result, an unknown agent, a dative recipient and a future requirement. Add one clear active sentence where naming the worker helps the reader. Use time phrases so the chronology is understandable. Then check separately: subject agreement, worden, retained dative and the exact strength of the modal verbs.

Use the rule in a wider context

For everyday result descriptions, see offen, geöffnet and other descriptions. Review the meaning of German modal verbs before combining them with passive forms.

Questions about this topic

Is werden always a future marker?

No. In wird geprüft, werden forms present passive. In wird geprüft werden, the first werden marks future and the final infinitive belongs to the passive.

Can a passive sentence have no subject?

Yes. Den Gästen wird geholfen and Heute wird gearbeitet are ordinary subjectless passive patterns. Dative guests do not become a nominative subject.

Sources and further learning

Source links checked: .

Use this in your German practice

Browse grammar by topic or learning path

Try the examples and answer checks on this page. For a wider routine, explore Lingeva’s grammar, vocabulary and speaking practice. Available app features and plan allowances are explained on the plan page.

Explore German grammar practice · Compare Lingeva plans

Continue your German practice with Premium.

Use AI speaking and pronunciation practice, unlock B2–C1 learning, and prepare with Exam Prep A1–C1. Plan allowances apply.

Subscribe in the Lingeva iOS or Android app. Your store shows final prices, trial eligibility and renewal terms.

View larger

Use browser zoom to inspect the text. The controls pictured belong to the app screenshot.

Open original image