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How do führen, durchführen, einführen and aufführen differ?

Führen means lead or guide in many contexts; durchführen means carry out; einführen means introduce, insert or import; aufführen means perform or list. The prefixed verbs are separable in these ordinary meanings. Choose the whole verb according to the activity rather than translating führen as “lead” inside every compound.

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Meaning, sentence patterns and examples

At a glance
WordCore meaningTypical contextGrammar
führenlead; guide; conducta team; a discussion; a routeführt–führte–hat geführt
durchführencarry out; conducta test, survey or procedureführt … durch
einführenintroduce; insert; importa new system; goodsführt … ein
aufführenperform; lista play; listed expensesführt … auf

führen

Meaning and usage: Führen can mean guiding a person, managing a team or conducting an activity such as a discussion. A road can führen to a place, without an object. These uses share guidance or direction, but their constructions differ.

Grammar: Not separable; führt–führte–hat geführt. Jemanden führen; ein Gespräch führen; zu + dative for a result or destination in führen zu.

Sie führt ein kleines Team in der IT-Abteilung.

She leads a small team in the IT department.

durchführen

Meaning and usage: Durchführen is common when a planned activity is actually carried out: a survey, inspection, experiment or operation. It does not guarantee the activity succeeds. This verb is useful in work and administrative texts but is not needed for every everyday task.

Grammar: Separable: führt durch–führte durch–hat durchgeführt. Usually an accusative activity as object. Infinitive with zu: durchzuführen.

Die Schule führt nächste Woche eine Umfrage durch.

The school conducts a survey next week.

einführen

Meaning and usage: Einführen means putting something into use, inserting it into a place or importing goods. It also introduces a person to a role, field or social setting. Ordinary introductions between two people more often use vorstellen, rather than automatically einführen.

Grammar: Separable: führt ein–führte ein–hat eingeführt. Etwas einführen; jemanden in etwas einführen uses in + accusative for the field introduced.

Das Unternehmen führt ein neues Buchungssystem ein.

The company introduces a new booking system.

aufführen

Meaning and usage: Aufführen describes presenting a play or musical work to an audience, or listing items in a document. In sich aufführen, it describes behaving in a particular way, often in criticism. The reflexive use is a separate construction.

Grammar: Separable: führt auf–führte auf–hat aufgeführt. Ein Stück or Kosten aufführen; sich aufführen has an accusative reflexive pronoun.

Der Bericht führt alle zusätzlichen Kosten auf.

The report lists all additional costs.

Overlap and context

Eine Untersuchung durchführen means conduct an investigation or examination; the same activity is not normally aufführen. You might list its costs with aufführen. Einführen can describe a new procedure before the first Durchführung, but the verbs do not form a required chronological sequence in every context.

Common mistakes

  • For performing a play, do not use durchführen as the default: ein Theaterstück aufführen is the usual expression.
  • Avoid Ich einführe das System in a main clause. Use Ich führe das System ein.
  • Aufführen is not restricted to a theatre stage; lists are another everyday use.

Memory aid: Guide: führen. Carry through a task: durchführen. Bring into use: einführen. Put on or list: aufführen.

Try it

A report lists three reasons. Complete: Der Bericht ___ drei Gründe ___.

Show the answer

führt … auf

Aufführen means listing the reasons in this context.

Sources for meaning and usage

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