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How do schreiben, aufschreiben, abschreiben and unterschreiben differ?

Schreiben means write; aufschreiben means write down or record; abschreiben commonly means copy a written text; unterschreiben means sign. Auf- and ab- separate in main clauses. Unterschreiben, in the everyday signing sense, stays together. These verbs describe the purpose of the writing rather than different writing tools.

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Meaning, sentence patterns and examples

At a glance
WordCore meaningTypical contextGrammar
schreibenwritemessages and textsschrieb; hat geschrieben
aufschreibenwrite downnotes; information to rememberschreibt … auf; aufgeschrieben
abschreibencopy outcopying from an existing textschreibt … ab; abgeschrieben
unterschreibensignforms; contractsunterschreibt; unterschrieben

schreiben

Meaning and usage: Schreiben is the broad verb for producing written language. Use it for emails, letters, texts and writing generally. A recipient can be expressed with a dative pronoun or an an-phrase.

Grammar: Not separable; schreibt–schrieb–hat geschrieben. Etwas schreiben; jemandem schreiben; an jemanden schreiben.

Ich schreibe meiner Vermieterin eine E-Mail.

I am writing an email to my landlady.

aufschreiben

Meaning and usage: Aufschreiben emphasizes recording information so you can keep or remember it. This may be a phone number, an idea, instructions or an appointment. The emphasis is putting something into writing; the verb does not specify how polished the resulting text is.

Grammar: Separable: schreibt auf–schrieb auf–hat aufgeschrieben. Usually an accusative object; sich etwas aufschreiben has a dative reflexive pronoun. Infinitive with zu: aufzuschreiben.

Schreib dir die neue Adresse bitte auf.

Please write down the new address for yourself.

abschreiben

Meaning and usage: Abschreiben means copying material from another written source. In school, it can mean copying someone else’s answers. In business, it also means writing off an asset; in other contexts, giving up on someone or something. These additional senses are separate uses.

Grammar: Separable: schreibt ab–schrieb ab–hat abgeschrieben. Etwas abschreiben; von jemandem abschreiben for copying their work.

Die Schüler schreiben den kurzen Dialog von der Tafel ab.

The pupils copy the short dialogue from the board.

unterschreiben

Meaning and usage: Unterschreiben means adding your signature or confirming a document by signing it. The action can be digital as well as handwritten. Figuratively, a speaker may say they cannot unterschreiben an opinion: they cannot endorse it.

Grammar: Inseparable in the signing sense: unterschreibt–unterschrieb–hat unterschrieben. An accusative document is common; no object is needed when it is understood. Infinitive: zu unterschreiben.

Bitte unterschreiben Sie den Antrag auf der letzten Seite.

Please sign the application on the last page.

Overlap and context

The same person may schreiben a letter, aufschreiben a useful address and unterschreiben the completed letter. Abschreiben supplies an existing source rather than simply information to remember. Unterschreiben is not formed like aufschreiben: prefix spelling alone does not tell you whether a German verb separates.

Common mistakes

  • Avoid Ich unterschreibe den Vertrag unter. Signing is not separable.
  • Aufschreiben does not normally replace schreiben for composing an email.
  • Do not assume every abschreiben implies cheating; copying a board text is ordinary classroom work.

Memory aid: Write → schreiben; record → aufschreiben; copy → abschreiben; signature → unterschreiben.

Try it

You added your signature to the contract yesterday. Complete: Ich habe den Vertrag gestern ___.

Show the answer

unterschrieben

A completed signature uses the inseparable participle unterschrieben, without ge-.

Sources for meaning and usage

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