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Separable German verbs: stress, word order, ge and zu

A separable verb separates when its finite stem occupies the main-clause verb position: ich rufe an. Its infinitive remains one word: anrufen. Inseparable prefixes stay attached, as in ich verstehe. Stress is a useful clue, but the verb’s particular meaning and dictionary entry decide the pattern. Learn separation together with the participle and zu-infinitive; a prefix list alone cannot predict every German verb form.

Use prefix families as a first check

Common separable elements include ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, ein-, los-, mit-, nach-, vor-, weg-, zu-, zurück-. Common inseparable prefixes include be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, zer-. Compare aufmachen with besuchen. Several other prefixes, including um-, über-, unter-, durch- and wieder-, require a meaning-specific check instead of one permanent label.

In the ordinary separable pattern the first element bears the word stress; common inseparable prefixes are generally unstressed. Stress is a clue to the learned word, not an instruction to invent a meaning. Uppercase stress marks below are teaching notation, not normal German spelling or an audio recording.

One verb, four constructions

  1. Hauptsatz

    Ich rufe Nora an.

    Finite stem and separated element.

  2. Nebensatz

    weil ich Nora anrufe

    The final finite verb stays together.

  3. Perfekt

    Ich habe Nora angerufen.

    Ge belongs inside this participle.

  4. zu-Infinitiv

    Ich versuche, Nora anzurufen.

    Zu is inserted after the separable element.

Do not move the prefix by word count. Identify the verb’s structure and the clause construction.

Separate only the finite construction that calls for it

In a main statement, the finite stem is second and the separable element closes the verbal bracket: Nach dem Essen räume ich auf. A yes/no question or an imperative puts the finite part first. In an ordinary subordinate clause, the finite verb remains together at the end: weil ich später aufräume. The prefix is not necessarily the last word of every possible sentence; it closes the relevant verb bracket.

One separable verb across sentence types
TypeExample
Main statementIch räume nachher auf.
Yes/no questionRäumst du nachher auf?
Question wordWann räumst du auf?
ImperativeRäum bitte auf!
Subordinate clauseweil ich nachher aufräume
Modal + infinitiveIch muss nachher aufräumen.

Keep the infinitive together and place zu correctly

After a modal, use the whole infinitive without zu: Ich möchte den Plan ausdrucken. When the construction requires zu, insert it between a separable element and the stem: Ich versuche, den Plan auszudrucken. With an inseparable verb, zu stays a separate word before the whole infinitive: Ich versuche, den Plan zu verstehen..

Do not confuse an ordinary preposition zu with infinitival zu. Ich gehe zum Drucker. contains a preposition and noun phrase; den Plan auszudrucken contains a verb. The same written sequence can play different grammatical roles.

Put ge where the verb’s structure allows it

A simple separable verb commonly places ge after its first element: aufräumen → aufgeräumt. An ordinary inseparable prefix blocks this ge: besuchen → besucht, verstehen → verstanden. The participle ending and any stem change still come from the particular verb. Separability alone does not tell you t versus en.

Do not force ge into every separable verb. ausprobieren → ausprobiert retains the no-ge pattern of probieren; vorbereiten → vorbereitet contains an inner inseparable be-. Both still separate in an ordinary finite main clause: Ich probiere es aus. Ich bereite alles vor.. Check the whole structure.

Learn three forms together
InfinitivPartizip IIzu-infinitive
aufräumenaufgeräumtaufzuräumen
anrufenangerufenanzurufen
besuchenbesuchtzu besuchen
verstehenverstandenzu verstehen
ausprobierenausprobiertauszuprobieren
vorbereitenvorbereitetvorzubereiten

Check meaning when the spelling stays the same

Compare the teaching notation UMfahren for knocking something over with a vehicle and umFAHren for driving around an obstacle. Original examples: Der Wagen fährt einen Kegel um. Der Fahrer umfährt die Baustelle. Their participles differ: umgefahren versus umfahren. Stress, separation and meaning belong together.

English phrasal verbs are only a partial analogy. German separation depends on clause structure, and an infinitive such as anrufen is written together. Vietnamese can express the same actions without this word-building system; keep a three-form vocabulary entry instead of translating each prefix as a separate movable word.

Eight checks with explained answers

Try each task before opening the answer. Read the reason as well as the completed sentence.

1. Order: Ich / um acht / aufstehen. (Präsens)

Ich stehe um acht auf. The finite stem is second; auf closes the bracket.

2. Ask a yes/no question: Du machst das Fenster zu.

Machst du das Fenster zu? The finite part moves first, but zu remains separated.

3. Complete: weil / Nora / die Unterlagen / abholt.

weil Nora die Unterlagen abholt. The finite subordinate-clause verb stays together.

4. After a modal: Ich muss den Raum auf / räumen / aufräumen. Choose.

Ich muss den Raum aufräumen. The infinitive stays together and has no zu.

5. Add the correct zu form: Ich versuche, Nora ___. (anrufen)

anzurufen. Insert zu between an and rufen; write one word.

6. Participle: Wir haben alles ___. (vorbereiten)

vorbereitet. The inner be- blocks ge even though vor separates in the main clause.

7. Repair: Wir haben die Software ausgeprobiert.

Wir haben die Software ausprobiert. Probieren has no ge in its participle; aus does not change that.

8. You drive around roadworks. Choose umfahren / umgefahren in Ich habe die Baustelle ___.

umfahren. The intended inseparable verb has no ge and means avoiding the obstacle.

Give a handover in three grammatical forms

Choose anrufen and vorbereiten. Write a present plan, a past report and an infinitive construction. Model: Ich rufe Nora nachher an. Ich habe die Liste vorbereitet. Ich versuche, Nora vor der Sitzung anzurufen. Then turn the first line into a weil-clause. Check that the meaning stays constant while separation changes.

Practise the verbal bracket · Build a past spoken reply · Use separable verbs in requests

Questions about this topic

Does every separable verb have ge in the participle?

No. Ausprobiert and vorbereitet separate in finite main clauses but lack ge because of their internal verb structure.

Can I separate an infinitive after a modal?

No. Use the whole infinitive, as in Ich muss aufräumen. It is the finite main-clause construction that separates in Ich räume auf.

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