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German prepositions and cases: a practical reference

A preposition usually determines the case of the noun phrase that belongs to it. Learn the preposition together with its case, then apply gender, number and article endings inside that phrase. This reference groups the main fixed-case sets and common formal genitive patterns. It also shows where a memorized list needs a qualification: combinations with bis, register variants and prepositions whose position or meaning changes their construction.

Choose the case inside the preposition phrase

In Ich reserviere einen Raum für die Gruppe., einen Raum is the verb’s object; die Gruppe belongs to für. The preposition requires accusative even though the group benefits from the reservation. Do not translate an English recipient automatically into German dative. Case follows the German construction, not a broad label such as “recipient” or “movement”.

First find the complete preposition, then its complete complement. In mit einem neuen Plan, the article, adjective and noun belong together. If you replace that phrase with a pronoun, its case remains dative: mit ihm.

A case decision in four steps

  1. Präposition

    mit

    Find the complete preposition.

  2. Kasus

    mit + Dativ

    Recall its construction.

  3. Genus / Numerus

    der Plan · Singular

    Identify the noun.

  4. Wortgruppe

    mit einem neuen Plan

    Apply endings to the whole phrase.

The preposition chooses case; the noun’s gender and number determine the matching forms.

The accusative core set

The table covers the common fixed accusative set; wider is a more formal additional member. Meanings vary with context, but their noun-phrase case does not change just because the relationship is abstract rather than spatial.

Fixed accusative prepositions
PräpositionOriginal phrase
durchdurch einen Fehler
fürfür den nächsten Kurs
gegengegen einen Vorschlag
ohneohne einen Termin
umum den Tisch
widerwider jede Erwartung

The dative core set

These core prepositions take dative with ordinary noun or pronoun complements. Seit can describe an ongoing period, aus a reason, and nach an order or model; their use is not limited to physical places. Gegenüber can follow its complement: dem Eingang gegenüber. Check new words in a dictionary rather than treating this learner set as every German preposition.

Fixed dative prepositions
PräpositionOriginal phrase
ausaus einem wichtigen Grund
außeraußer einem Teilnehmer
beibei der Besprechung
mitmit einem Plan
nachnach dem Gespräch
seitseit einer Woche
vonvon der Leitung
zuzu diesem Thema
gegenübergegenüber dem Eingang

Common genitive patterns and their limits

For a controlled formal sentence, use an explicitly marked genitive phrase with the following common prepositions. Do not turn this into “all variants are wrong”: wegen with dative is common in informal speech, and several genitive prepositions have additional constructions. A bare plural may not show enough genitive marking; rephrase rather than mechanically adding an ending.

Useful formal genitive phrases
PräpositionExample
wegenwegen des Termins
trotztrotz eines Problems
währendwährend der Sitzung
statt / anstattstatt eines Briefes
aufgrundaufgrund einer Änderung
innerhalbinnerhalb einer Woche
außerhalbaußerhalb des Gebäudes

Bis, contractions and changing constructions

Bis often joins another preposition. In bis zum nächsten Montag, zu dem explains the dative; do not change it to accusative because bis appears first. Compare the article-free time phrase bis Montag. Also check position-sensitive words such as entlang separately; they do not fit a single unconditional case list.

Expand contractions to recover the article: im = in dem, ins = in das, am = an dem, ans = an das, beim = bei dem, vom = von dem, zum = zu dem, zur = zu der. In and an are two-way prepositions, so case selection there needs its own meaning check. These contractions are not interchangeable short spellings.

Work through a whole sentence

Wegen eines Problems sprechen wir mit der Leiterin über den Plan. contains three separate decisions: wegen + genitive; mit + dative; sprechen über with accusative for the topic. The last combination is selected with the verb. Do not apply a physical “where?” rule to an abstract discussion topic.

Eight checks with explained answers

Try each task before opening the answer. Read the reason as well as the completed sentence.

1. Complete: für ___ nächsten Kurs (der).

für den nächsten Kurs. Für requires accusative; Kurs is masculine singular.

2. Complete: mit ___ neuen Idee (eine).

mit einer neuen Idee. Mit requires dative; the feminine article is einer.

3. Formal style: wegen ___ Problems (ein).

wegen eines Problems. The neuter genitive is visible in both article and noun.

4. Complete: seit ___ Wochen (zwei).

seit zwei Wochen. The numeral stays zwei. Dative plural Wochen already ends in n.

5. Expand zum Termin and name its case.

zu dem Termin; dative, selected by zu.

6. Choose: bis zum nächsten / bis den nächsten Montag for a deadline with zu.

bis zum nächsten Montag. The inner preposition zu keeps its dative construction.

7. Repair: ohne einem festen Plan.

ohne einen festen Plan. Ohne takes accusative, not dative.

8. Does wegen dem Termin prove the speaker means a different cause?

No. The variation concerns case and register. For the formal pattern practiced here, use wegen des Termins.

Write a three-line workshop message

Explain a change with wegen, name an item with für and describe how you will work with mit. One possible message: Wegen eines Defekts wechseln wir den Raum. Bitte bringt Papier für eine Skizze mit. Wir arbeiten mit einem einfachen Modell. Underline each complete preposition phrase and explain its case before reading aloud.

For choosing place meanings, continue with

place preposition contrasts · genitive noun endings

Questions about this topic

Does movement always mean accusative?

No. Fixed prepositions keep their case: mit and zu take dative. For two-way prepositions, the particular relationship matters, not movement alone.

Is every preposition in this reference?

No. It covers the core fixed-case groups and selected common genitive patterns. Rare, complex and position-sensitive constructions need an individual dictionary check.

Sources and further learning

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